[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":121},["ShallowReactive",2],{"activity-en-3.9":3,"sector-for-en-3.9":94},{"id":4,"title":5,"activityCode":6,"activityType":7,"body":8,"description":71,"dnsh":72,"extension":77,"meta":78,"naceCodes":79,"navigation":86,"path":87,"sector":88,"seo":89,"stem":90,"substantialContribution":91,"__hash__":93},"activities_en\u002Fen\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing\u002Factivities\u002F3-9-iron-and-steel.md","Manufacture of Iron and Steel","3.9","standard",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":61},"minimark",[11,16,20,23,26,30,33,37,40,44,47,51,54,58],[12,13,15],"h2",{"id":14},"substantial-contribution-to-climate-change-mitigation","Substantial Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation",[17,18,19],"p",{},"For integrated steelmaking (blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route), the specific GHG emissions must not exceed 1.331 tCO2e per tonne of hot metal (EU ETS benchmark for hot metal). For electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, the specific emissions must not exceed 0.209 tCO2e per tonne of EAF carbon steel or 0.266 tCO2e per tonne of EAF high alloy steel. These benchmarks are based on the top 10% most efficient installations in the EU ETS.",[17,21,22],{},"Emissions are calculated following the EU ETS Monitoring and Reporting Regulation, covering direct process emissions from reduction, combustion, and calcination, plus indirect emissions from electricity and heat consumption. Where hydrogen-based direct reduction (H2-DRI) is used, lifecycle emissions from hydrogen production must be included. The emerging H2-DRI-EAF route can substantially outperform the benchmarks when using green hydrogen.",[17,24,25],{},"BAT as defined in the Iron and Steel Production BREF (2012) must be applied, including top gas recovery, waste heat recovery from slag and exhaust gases, and process gas utilisation for on-site power generation.",[12,27,29],{"id":28},"substantial-contribution-to-climate-change-adaptation","Substantial Contribution to Climate Change Adaptation",[17,31,32],{},"A CRVA must be performed per Appendix A, assessing risks to the steel plant from physical climate hazards under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios.",[12,34,36],{"id":35},"dnsh-climate-change-adaptation","DNSH: Climate Change Adaptation",[17,38,39],{},"Physical climate risks must be assessed and mitigated, particularly water scarcity for cooling, extreme heat effects on blast furnace and coke oven operations, and flooding risks to raw material yards and slag pits.",[12,41,43],{"id":42},"dnsh-water-and-marine-resources","DNSH: Water and Marine Resources",[17,45,46],{},"The activity must comply with the Water Framework Directive. Cooling water, process water, and stormwater discharge must meet BAT-AELs from the Iron and Steel BREF. Continuous wastewater monitoring is required for cyanide, heavy metals, suspended solids, and hydrocarbons.",[12,48,50],{"id":49},"dnsh-circular-economy","DNSH: Circular Economy",[17,52,53],{},"Blast furnace slag must be granulated for use in cement production. Steel slag, dust, and sludge must be recycled where technically feasible. Scrap steel input ratios must be maximised within product quality constraints. By-product gases must be recovered and used for energy generation.",[12,55,57],{"id":56},"dnsh-pollution-prevention-and-control","DNSH: Pollution Prevention and Control",[17,59,60],{},"The activity must comply with the Industrial Emissions Directive and Iron and Steel BREF. Dust emissions from sinter plants must not exceed 1-5 mg\u002FNm3 (after dedusting). NOx from coke ovens must remain below 500 mg\u002FNm3. SOx from sinter strands must be below 100 mg\u002FNm3. PCDD\u002FF emissions must remain below 0.05-0.1 ng I-TEQ\u002FNm3.",{"title":62,"searchDepth":63,"depth":63,"links":64},"",2,[65,66,67,68,69,70],{"id":14,"depth":63,"text":15},{"id":28,"depth":63,"text":29},{"id":35,"depth":63,"text":36},{"id":42,"depth":63,"text":43},{"id":49,"depth":63,"text":50},{"id":56,"depth":63,"text":57},"Production of hot metal, pig iron, crude steel, and steel products via blast furnace or electric arc furnace routes with specific emission thresholds.",[73,74,75,76],"cca","water","ce","pp","md",{},[80,81,82,83,84,85],"C24.10","C24.20","C24.31","C24.32","C24.51","C24.52",true,"\u002Fen\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing\u002Factivities\u002F3-9-iron-and-steel","manufacturing",{"title":5,"description":71},"en\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing\u002Factivities\u002F3-9-iron-and-steel",[92,73],"ccm","eQaUVHLUU4oh98uOSY19DIZkJJ0P_J1yOhhu3gtDfsI",{"id":95,"title":96,"activityCount":97,"body":98,"description":111,"extension":77,"icon":112,"meta":113,"naceCodeRange":114,"navigation":86,"objectives":115,"path":116,"sectorNumber":117,"seo":118,"stem":119,"__hash__":120},"sectors_en\u002Fen\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing.md","Manufacturing",16,{"type":9,"value":99,"toc":109},[100,103,106],[17,101,102],{},"Manufacturing is one of the largest sectors in the EU Taxonomy, covering 16 economic activities across a broad range of industrial production. From cement and steel to batteries and hydrogen, this sector addresses the most carbon-intensive value chains in the European economy.",[17,104,105],{},"The technical screening criteria set ambitious emission intensity thresholds for each manufacturing activity. For example, cement production must meet specific clinker-to-cement ratios and CO2 emission limits, while steel manufacturing must demonstrate compliance with best-available-technology benchmarks. The sector also includes enabling activities -- manufacturing of components for renewable energy, electric vehicles, and energy-efficient equipment.",[17,107,108],{},"Circular economy objectives are particularly relevant here. The Taxonomy requires manufacturers to demonstrate resource efficiency, waste minimisation, and design-for-durability principles. Climate adaptation criteria ensure that production facilities incorporate physical climate risk assessments and implement appropriate resilience measures against flooding, heat stress, and supply chain disruptions.",{"title":62,"searchDepth":63,"depth":63,"links":110},[],"Industrial production activities aligned with low-carbon processes, energy efficiency, and circular material use.","lucide:factory",{},"C10-C33",[92,73,75],"\u002Fen\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing",3,{"title":96,"description":111},"en\u002Fsectors\u002Fmanufacturing","OKFZV1iMbCzAc381pxv59rRLbweM_ehvvcLRUGQSGVc",1775591373566]